2nd Updated Revision

Biblical Turkey is an authoritative and comprehensive guide to the ancient Jewish and Christian sites in Turkey. It includes all the references to cities, regions, provinces, and natural features in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament, Apocrypha/Deuterocanonicals, New Testament, and Apostolic Fathers. Special features include Sidetrips, which point to nearby sites that are also of interest to visitors. The In-Sites help readers to read between the lines for special insights into the biblical text. In the Ancient Voice section writers from antiquity speak about the ancient world of Asia Minor. Colorful photographs and descriptive maps illustrate the volume.

Author’s Introduction

General Introduction

Abbreviations

Maps

Turkey’s Seven Regions with Biblical Sites

Jewish Communities in Asia Minor

Paul’s Anatolian Journeys

John’s Seven Churches of Asia

Peter’s Communities

Chapter 1: East Region (Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi)

Natural Sites

Mount Ararat (Ağrı Dağ)

Euphrates River

Tigris River

Ancient Voice: The Gilgamesh Epic

Ancient Regions

Ararat, Urartu

Togarmah

Ancient Cities

Tushpa

Sidetrip: Urartian Fortresses and Ahtamar Church

Chapter 2: Southeast Region (Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi)

Natural Sites

Mount Ararat (Cudi Dağ)

Ancient Regions

Aram-naharaim

Eden

Gozan

Paddan–aram

Ancient Cities

Carchemish

Modern Voice: Leonard Wooley

Ancient Voice: Jeremiah and the Babylonian Chronicles

Edessa/Ur?

Ancient Voice: Eusebius and the Abgar Tradition

In-Site: Abraham and Ur

Haran (Harran)

Sidetrip: Göbekli Tepe

Nahor

Tiphsah/Zeugma

Ancient Voice: Apollonius of Tyana

Sidetrip: Nemrut Dağı

In-Site: Harmagedon (Armageddon) on the Euphrates

Sidetrip: Tur Abdin

Chapter 3: Mediterranean Region (Akdeniz Bölgesi)

Ancient Regions

Cilicia

Lycia

Muzur, Musru, Musri

Pamphylia

Pisidia

Syria

Ancient Cities

Adana

Alexandria ad Issum

In-Site: The Churches in Syria and Cilicia

Sidetrip: Plain of Issus

Antioch on the Orontes

In-Site: Peter and Antioch

Ancient Voice: The Seleucus Inscription

Sidetrip: Syria

Attalia

Daphne

Mopsuestia

Sidetrip: Hierapolis Castabala and Karatepe

Myra

Sidetrip: Andriace

In-Site: Travel on the Mediterranean Sea

Patara

Ancient Voice: The Lycian League and America’s Founding Fathers

Sidetrip: Xanthos and Letoon

Perga

In-Site: Paul’s Anatolian Journeys

In-Site: Why Did John Mark Leave Paul and Barnabas?

In-Site: The Route from Perga to Pisidian Antioch

Phaselis

Pisidian Antioch

In-Site: New Testament Timeline in Asia Minor

In-Site: Sergius Paulus

Sidetrip: Apollonia

Seleucia Pieria

Sidetrip: The Monastery of Simeon Stylites the Younger

Sidetrip: Cyprus

In-Site: Mt. Zaphon

Side

In-Site: The Agora and Redemption Language in the New Testament

In-Site: Ancient Water Systems

Sidetrip: Aspendus

Tarsus

In-Site: Paul of TarsusAncient Voice: Tibullus

Ancient Voice: Statius

Sidetrip: Cilician Gates

Sidetrip: Soli/Pompeiopolis

In-Site: Tarshish, Tarsus, and Jonah

In-Site: Building a Roman Road

Sidetrip: Roman Road at Sağlıklı Köy

Sidetrip: Seleucia ad Calycadnum

Chapter 4: Central Anatolian Region (İç Anadolu Bölgesi)

Ancient Regions

Cappadocia

Galatia

In-Site: North versus South Galatia?

Lycaonia

Meshech

Phrygia

Sidetrip: The Highlands of Phrygia

Tubal

Ancient Cities

Ancyra

Sidetrip: Gordium

Caesarea Mazaca

Sidetrip: Kanesh/Kültepe

Sidetrip: Tyana

Derbe

Dorylaeum

Sidetrip: Cotiaeum, Aizanoi, and Altıntaş

Hattusha, Yazılıkaya, Alacahöyük

Iconium

In-Site: A Saint Called Thecla

In-Site: The Via Sebaste

Sidetrip: Çatalhöyük

Sidetrip: Eflatun Pınar

Lystra

In-Site: Timothy of Lystra

Pessinus

Ancient Voice: Ovid

Philomelium

Sidetrip: Ipsus, Prymnesus, Docimium, and Synnada

In-Site: Bartholomew and the Inner Lycaones

Tavium

Chapter 5: Aegean Region (Ege Bölgesi)

Aegean Sea, Mountains and Rivers

Ancient Regions and Roman Province

Aeolis

Asia

Caria

Ionia

Lydia

Phrygia (Asian)

Ancient Voice: Josephus

Ancient Cities

Adramyttium

Sidetrip: Lesbos

Cnidus

Sidetrip: Rhodes

Colossae

In-Site: Philemon, Onesimus, and Slavery

Sidetrip: Apamea, Acmonia, and Eumeneia

Ancient Voice: Dio Chrysostom’s Description of a Conventus

Ephesus

Ancient Voices: Antipater of Sidon and Pausanius

In-Site: The Prytaneion, the Riot, and its Pillars

In-Site: Celsus’ Attributes and Christian Character

In-Site: The Hall of Tyrannus

In-Site: Fish and Games

In-Site: John and Cerinthus in the Baths

In-Site: Paul and the Stadium

Ancient Voice: Procopius and the Basilica of John

In-Site: John and Ephesus

Ancient Voice: The Acts of John and the Temple of Artemis

Sidetrip: Patmos

Sidetrip: Pollio Aqueduct, Belevi Mausoleum, and Metropolis

Halicarnassus

Sidetrip: Cos (Kos)

Hierapolis

In-Site: Public Toilets and the Trade of Fuller

Laodicea

In-Site: Laodicea’s Water System

Sidetrip: Aphrodisias

Ancient Voice: The Aphrodisias Jewish Inscription

Magnesia ad Meandrum

Sidetrip: Priene

Ancient Voice: The Emperor’s Gospel

Magnesia ad Sipylum

Ancient Voice: Pausanius

Miletus

In-Site: The Gulf of Latmus

Ancient Voice: Alexander Polyhistor

Ancient Voice: Pseudo-Phocylides

Sidetrip: The Apollo Oracle at Didyma

Ancient Voice: The Didymean Apollo on Christ

Sidetrip: Euromos, Mylasa, and Stratonicea

Myndus

Pergamum

In-Site: The Use of Parchment in Early Christianity

Philadelphia

Sardis

In-Site: The Jews in Sardis and Queen Esther

In-Site: Sardis and the Royal Road

Ancient Voice: Dio Chrysostum and Erasing a Name

Smyrna

Ancient Voice: The Martyrdom of Polycarp

Ancient Voice: Asia’s Entrance into the Roman Empire

In-Site: Sabbatai Zevi

Sidetrip: Colophon, Notion, and Claros

Thyatira

In-Site: Lydia and the Trade Guilds

In-Site: Food Sacrificed to Idols

Tralles

Ancient Voice: Ignatius and the Letter to the Trallians

In-Site: Chairemon the Intercessor

Trogyllium

Sidetrip: Samos

Chapter 6: Black Sea Region (Karadeniz Bölgesi)

Ancient Region-Province

Pontus

Ancient Voice: Pliny the Younger

Ancient Cities

Amasia

Ancient Voice: Strabo the Geographer

Amastris

Amisus/Sampsames

Heraclea Pontica

Sinope

In-Site: Sinop, Underwater Archaeology, and Noah’s Flood

Zela

Chapter 7: Marmara Region (Marmara Bölgesi)

Ancient Regions and Province

Bithynia

Ancient Voice: Pliny the Younger and his Letters to Trajan 352

Mysia

Thrace

Troad

Ancient Cities

Assos

In-Site: Paul’s Walk to Assos

Byzantium/Constantinople

Ancient Voice: The Siloam Inscription

Chalcedon

Nicea

In-Site: The Seven Ecumenical Councils

Ancient Voice: Cassius Dio

Ancient Voice: The Nicene Creed

In-Site: The Seventh Ecumenical Council

Nicomedia

Ancient Voice: Arrian

Troas, Alexandria

Sidetrip: Troy

Glossary

Index

Credits

About the Author

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